Hydrogen has 1 electron and 1 proton. Any atom in the universe that has 1 electron and 1 proton IS HYDROGEN.
Oxygen has 8 electrons, 8 protons, and 8 neutrons. Any atom in the universe that has 8 electrons, 8 protons, and 8 neutrons IS OXYGEN.
At
Standard Ambient Temperature and Pressure they will bond to create H2O, water.
Now, it is VERY possible that this will not occur, or will occur differently if temperature and pressure are different. But that is NOT changing the laws of physics. That is just a different environment from Earth.
It is entirely possible that there are new elements and compounds in different areas in the universe, but these will simply be elements we haven't discovered yet. 1e1p everywhere will be H. 8e8p8n everywhere will be O. This does not necessitate completely different physics.
In addition, to find 'new' elements, they would have to be beyond the current
periodic table. The main issue with this is that everything from 99 to 118 are synthetic. They do not occur naturally, and many of them decay in seconds. It is possible, even likely, that places in the universe exist where they are created naturally, but we have no idea if it's possible that a set of circumstances exists for them to exist long enough to actually do anything, create anything, become anything, or just BE.
You would have to basically have some place in space where the way atoms form is completely different from the way it occurs anywhere else.
What is more likely is that we don't have a complete understanding of how electrons, protons, and neutrons operate ( this is extremely likely ), and that there are forces in play that we do not know of yet, that would cause 'unpredictable' behavior, and would APPEAR as though physics were different.
That also is not changing physics, it is just us not knowing it truly enough.